Vishal Khandelwal

Latticework of Mental Models: Law of Small Numbers

This article is the ninth of this weekly series called Latticework of Mental Models, which will be authored by my friend and partner in writing the Value Investing Almanack, Anshul Khare. Anshul will write on various mental models – big ideas from various disciplines – which can help you think more rationally while analyzing businesses and making your stock investment decisions.

Outside of the closed glass chambers in the corporate world, there is another very unusual place where grand scheming about workplace strategies (read, office politics) happens regularly. Don’t worry, there is nothing hush-hush about this place and it’s not at all surrounded by thick soundproof walls.

Wondering what I am talking about? Let me give you another hint.

It’s the designated open area in every large company, where people go out in fresh air to fill their lungs with freshly brewed smoke. You guessed it right. I am talking about the smoking areas.

Mind you, it’s not just a place trafficked by the smoke billowing nicotine guzzlers, but you’ll often find those hapless passive smokers too who don’t realize that their lungs are going to collapse sooner than their active smoker buddies.

Latticework of Mental Models: Kantian Fairness Tendency

This article is the eighth of this weekly series called Latticework of Mental Models, which will be authored by my friend and partner in writing the Value Investing Almanack, Anshul Khare. Anshul will write on various mental models – big ideas from various disciplines – which can help you think more rationally while analyzing businesses and making your stock investment decisions.

I was almost at the end of a beautiful evening drive. Refreshing cold breeze gently blowing on my face through the car windows coupled with minuscule traffic was like heaven on earth. Sporting an ear-to-ear smile I felt confident that nothing in the world had the power to take away my inner peace at that moment.

But, as usual, my faithful and ever reliable nemesis, the chaos-monkey, had different plans for me that evening.

Just when I was about to take a smooth turn on a closing traffic signal, a taxi cut me off while overtaking my car. The surprising rash maneuver from the taxi called for sudden brakes and by that time signal had turned red. As a result I missed my turn because of the insensitive driving by the taxi driver.

In the next few seconds, my Buddha smile turned into an angry frown and I was thrown out of my “appreciating the good things in life” mode.

Why did I feel so agitated? Well, for one, I was ahead of the taxi and it was me who was supposed to cross the signal first.

When I Met the Legends of Investing – Part 4

“I have noticed one thing…” I told my wife, “…that whenever we are on a holiday, the stock markets take a nosedive.”

“Oh, you and your stock market!” she replied with expected frustration. “You always promise at the start of the holidays that you won’t look at stocks, but then…”

“Yes dear, you know I don’t look at daily stock prices while on a holiday or even otherwise, but the way stock prices are moving these days, I can’t help but take notice.”

“Forget it! Let me sleep now for we have a long day tomorrow touring the entire city.”

“Yeah, even I need a good night’s sleep,” I said, “…and possibly continue my dream of meeting the legends of investing who have guided me well in the past.

“Amidst this excessive stock market volatility, I surely need to get my thoughts re-aligned.”

And the dream follows…

Latticework of Mental Models: Redundancy

This article is the seventh of this weekly series called Latticework of Mental Models, which will be authored by my friend and partner in writing the Value Investing Almanack, Anshul Khare. Anshul will write on various mental models – big ideas from various disciplines – which can help you think more rationally while analyzing businesses and making your stock investment decisions.

What’s your favourite day or time of the week? For somebody like me with a Monday-Friday job, the favourite part of the week usually is Saturday morning.

Now, what could be the best way to ruin a Saturday morning? Let me tell how I (almost) achieved the feat.

On a cool and breezy weekend morning when most people prefer to sit in the balcony and sip on a hot beverage, I was standing just outside my front door with milk packet in hand and toothbrush in my mouth, wondering why do they build these auto-lock doors.

Yes, you guessed it right. I managed to lock myself out of my house. Everything including my keys, glasses, cell phone, wallet, and slippers were behind the door which was slammed shut by the very same saturday morning breeze.

However the story had a happy ending when I was rescued by my saviour. Saviour? Yes and it was none other than our mental model for today – Mr. Red (short for Redundancy).

Value Investor Interview: Jae Jun, Old School Value

This interview was part of the May 2015 issue of my premium newsletter on value investing, behavioural finance, and business analysis – Value Investing Almanack (VIA). If you wish to read more interviews with value investors, you can click here to subscribe to VIA now.

Jae Jun is the founder of Old School Value, a deep fundamental analysis tool that helps value investors speed up the analysis process and make better investment decisions.

I’ve admired Jae’s work at OSV and thoughts on investing for long, much before I started Safal Niveshak. So it was great to interview him for Value Investing Almanack. Let’s get straight into Jae’s experience and philosophy on investing.
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Book Review: A Short History of Financial Euphoria

This book review has been submitted by Ankit Kanodia.

If anyone would ask me to summarize A Short History of Financial Euphoria in quick words, I would borrow the following three quotes to make my point…

All I want to know is where I’m going to die so I’ll never go there. ~ Charlie Munger

History does not repeat itself, it rhymes. ~ Mark Twain

There are two kinds of forecasters: those who don’t know, and those who don’t know they don’t know. ~ John Kenneth Galbraith

For starters, the book does not give you any tip on how to compound wealth or how to invest to earn great returns on capital. On the contrary, it brings to your notice how you can lose it all and thus how difficult but important it is to avoid that danger.

A small, thin book of only 110 pages, it consists of almost everything one needs to know about the speculative bubbles in economic history.

Life 2.0: Journaling

Today I am going to share an insight that shook my life pretty hard, for the good of course.

How many times it has happened with you that after reading a book you thought that you understood the idea until you were asked to explain it. The idea seemed pretty clear in your head but the moment you had to verbalise it you discovered that either you didn’t have a proper grasp on the idea at the first place or you were unable to explain it in a logical coherent way to a third person.

This is the kind of silent reaction I got from people “You’re telling me that you just finished reading a compelling book but can’t explain the central idea in few sentences?”

This problem haunted me for a long time. Then one fine day I discovered the Feynman Technique, which says that the mere action of writing something down allows for a more effective integration of the learning. This further led me to the idea of Journaling. It was a Eureka moment!

Let me first share my definition of journaling. Journaling is simply an activity of writing in plain language about what’s going on around you and what your thoughts are about them. It can include things like your future goals, plans, dreams, reminders to yourself, comments on ideas/people or any unrelated thing that crosses your mind. It’s a conversation that you have with yourself.

So what’s so special about journaling? Stick with me through the rest of the post and you might find some surprising insights.

Journaling allows you to take fuzzy thinking and distil it into precise line of thought. If you want to think better you have to start writing your thoughts. It’s not a common knowledge that writing, apart from being a communication tool, is a thinking tool too. Famous author, Dan Pink, further validated my belief in this commencement speech.
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Latticework of Mental Models: Variable Reinforcement

It’s not often that you would find me exercising my thumb muscles with a TV remote but it so happened that on a Saturday afternoon while killing time in front of the idiot box, an unsettling thought caught me off guard. I realized that I had been surfing through the TV channels for the past hour without really spending more than a minute on any single channel.

This habit is not uncommon but the unusual thing was once I had looped through all the channels a couple of times and once it was obvious that there was nothing interesting on TV, I still kept going without getting bored. So what was keeping me hooked?

As a flash of insight the answer that my mind constructed was an uncomfortable one.

Latticework of Mental Models: Gresham’s Law

This article is the fifth of this weekly series called Latticework of Mental Models, which will be authored by my friend and partner in writing the Value Investing Almanack, Anshul Khare. Anshul will write on various mental models – big ideas from various disciplines – which can help you think more rationally while analyzing businesses and making your stock investment decisions.

Few weeks back, we discussed the mental model of Storytelling. I am going to use the same model to start this post. Let me start with a true story, and take you back to medieval India.

Between the years 1324 to 1351, Delhi was ruled by an emperor named Mohammad-bin-Tughluq from the Tughluq dynasty. He had a scholastic background and spoke multiple languages. In spite of good intentions, some of the policies that he enforced during his rule backfired which made him infamous as an eccentric ruler. One such failed idea was about an experiment that he did with the local currency.

Tughluq noticed that India had very few silver coins and a comparatively larger number of bronze and copper coins. He decided to promote bronze or copper coins by passing a royal order that bronze and copper coins are to be accorded the same value (i.e., same purchasing power) as silver coins. In other words, he wanted the markets to mentally consider bronze and copper as silver itself so that 1 gram coin of bronze can buy the same goods as 1 gram of silver. It looked like a neat idea however the emperor failed to consider the law of unintended consequences.

Corporate Governance: Charlie Munger on Governance

Charlie Munger is widely quoted in value investing community for his multidisciplinary ideas. However, he has some unconventional advice on the subject of corporate governance also which deserves a discussion. Let’s look at some of the insights from Munger on the issue of governance.

Munger believes more in the spirit of corporate governance rather than enforcement of compliance rules and regulations. If the intention is not right, people can always bend the rules and find workarounds for carrying out unethical practices without breaking the law. But when you know that the intentions are right then even an occasional instance of non-compliance doesn’t bother you because you trust the person and know that things will eventually get sorted out.

Munger is of the opinion that different companies have different cultures and you cannot come up with a one-size-fits-all solution in form generic compliance rules. An organization is made up of diverse set of people with different interests and values. Such collection of people behaves as a complex adaptive system. The moment complex rules are infused to command more control it invariably results in unintended consequence. So the solution is not to device more rules but to make the system simpler.

In the annual meeting for Wesco Financials in 2007, Munger pointed out –

A lot of people think if you just had more process and more compliance—checks and double checks and so forth—you could create a better result in the world. Well, Berkshire has had practically no process. We had hardly any internal auditing until they forced it on us. We just try to operate in a seamless web of deserved trust and be careful whom we trust.

This brings us to the Munger’s first idea for simplifying the corporate governance puzzle.

Seamless Web of Deserved Trust

A system in which the individuals making decisions do not bear the consequences of those decisions seems incompatible with a seamless web of deserved trust. Munger explains –

Good character is very efficient. If you can trust people, your system can be way simpler. There’s enormous efficiency in good character and dis-efficiency in bad character.

Moreover, unethical behavior is contagious. Gresham’s law says that bad values (or currency or people) drive out the good values from a system. If you find that it’s easy to cheat and steal in an organization, it’s just a matter of time before majority of the people in that system start exhibiting dishonest and unethical behaviour. Even if everybody was absolutely honest to begin with. Such is the human behaviour.
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