Blog on Value Investing | Safal Niveshak

Latticework of Mental Models: Arbitrage

In 1954, a temporary shortage of cocoa in US caused its price to increase from 5 cents to 60 cents per pound, a whopping 12 times.

As a result, Rockwood & Co., a brooklyn based chocolate products company, found itself in a sweet spot. They were sitting on 13 million pounds of excess inventory of cocoa which instantaneously became a huge asset because of cocoa price increase.

So selling the inventory to make a handsome profit was a no-brainer except that there was just one catch to it. Rockwood & Co. followed LIFO (last in first out) inventory valuation which would have created a 50% tax liability on profits from sale of inventory.

Young Warren Buffett — Buffett in his early 20s

So to avoid this tax, they came up with an ingenious way to exploit the temporary opportunity. They extended a share buyback offer which allowed the shareholder to tender a share in exchange for 80 pounds of cocoa. This maneuver, according to 1954 tax code, was perfectly legal and didn’t invite heavy tax liability.

This caught the attention of a 24 year old investment analyst who was working in New York for Graham Newman Corp. It was obvious to him that one could buy Rockwood shares for $34, sell them back to the company for 80 pounds of cocoa beans (worth $36), and then sell the cocoa beans making an instant profit of $2. Considering the transaction could be done in less than a week, it worked out to a sky-high annualized return.

“For several weeks I busily bought share, sold beans, and made periodic stops at Schroeder Trust to exchange stock certificates for warehouse receipts.”, recounts Warren Buffett, the protagonist in the story above, “The profits were good and my only expense was subway tickets.”

What Buffett did is called an Arbitrage. It’s a process of identifying market inefficiencies. The classic idea is that of buying an item in one place and selling it in another. In the very early days the word applied only to the simultaneous purchase and sale of securities or foreign exchange in two different markets.

Value Investor Interview: Samit Vartak

Note: This interview was originally published in the March 2016 issue of our premium newsletter – Value Investing Almanack (VIA). To read more such interviews and other deep thoughts on value investing, business analysis and behavioral finance, click here to subscribe to VIA.

I recently interviewed Samit Vartak of SageOne Investment Advisors for my premium newsletter, Value Investing Almanack.

Samit is one of the founding partners and Chief Investment Officer at SageOne, and is responsible for ensuring SageOne’s adherence to its core investment philosophy and discipline of risk management. As you would read in the interview below, Samit believes in risk management not by seeking extreme diversification or buying sub-par businesses at low multiples, but by building a reasonably diversified portfolio of high quality businesses having long term competitive advantages in attractive and high growth industries.

Samit returned to India in 2006 after spending a decade in the US working initially in corporate strategy with Gap Inc. and PwC Consulting, and then with Deloitte and Ernst & Young advising companies on business valuation and M&A. This experience forms the backbone that helps him better understand businesses and their fair value. Samit is a CFA® charter holder, an MBA from Olin School of Business of the Washington University in St. Louis and holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree with Honors from Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai University.

In his interview with Safal Niveshak, Samit shares his wide investment experience and how small investors can practice sensible investment decision making.

Latticework of Mental Models: Theory of Constraints

Few years back, while I was employed in a IT MNC, my office commute route involved a stretch of road which had quite a few traffic signals. One of these traffic signal was very nasty. It would sometimes take upto 20-30 minutes just to cross this one. A real bottleneck.

Soon the government decided that there should be a flyover built over this traffic signal. When I heard the news about flyover, I felt that it would solve the bottleneck problem.

3 years and few crore rupees later the flyover was finally ready. But did it solve the problem?

Partially. The bottleneck dissolved at that one particular traffic signal but all that flyover did was shift the bottleneck to the next traffic signal. Overall there was no improvement in my commute time.

This is what happens when you fail to look at a problem in a holistic way. Building the flyover wasn’t the complete solution.

When they thought of building the flyover, authorities were not really addressing the bottleneck, they were focussed on the location of the bottleneck. And in this case the bottleneck was a moving target.

This holistic way of looking at problems is called systems thinking. And Theory of Constraints is an important mental model to assist you in developing systems thinking. It’s the science of looking at the properties of bottlenecks in a system and how they behave.

6 Investing Lessons from the Valeant Pharmaceuticals Scandal

It’s not every day that a company with a market cap of more than US$ 70 billion (almost same as India’s largest company by market cap), and one that is favoured by a lot of savvy investors, loses 80% in nine months (65% in just last one month). But that’s what has happened with investors in the Canada-based Valeant Pharmaceuticals, where a spate of scams has been discovered over the past few months – from bad M&A accounting, to wrongful income reporting, and now the company is facing a potential default.

Valeant is a typical case of a high-growth business where people think nothing could go wrong and overpay ignoring the complexities and fuzziness, and which ultimately presents itself as a classic case on what not to do in business and investing.

Like I wrote about the Volkswagen scandal a few months back, there are several lessons one can learn from the fall from grace of Valeant. Here are just six of them.

Poke the Box: Are You a Stock or a Bond?

Let’s Start with Safal Niveshak
Here are some useful posts from Safal Niveshak archive which you might want to read again…

To index or not to index – that is the question. Here’s why we don’t invest in index funds.
When it comes to investing, Surfing is an important mental model that every investor should be thinking about for picking stocks.
Network effect is an important attribute to look for while evaluating the presence of economic moat.
We do things for people we like, because it’s a natural reciprocation to being liked. A mental model from psychology – Liking Bias.

Latticework of Mental Models: Float

About 12 years back, I first came to Bangalore to join my first job in IT industry. Known as city of lakes and the silicon valley of India, Bangalore was the place to be in.

However, the initial euphoria soon evaporated when I was told by the real estate agent that renting a house required me to deposit an advance. What added insult to the injury was the size of security deposit amount. It was supposed to be 10 months of rent.

Holy cow! That was several times more than my monthly salary at that time.

But it turned out that the practice was pretty common in Bangalore, and still is, which I suppose is not the case in other metros.

It infuriated me that the house owner would conveniently put that advance money in his bank and pocket the interest income too. So in effect he wasn’t just making money from rent, but from free deposit also.

Now here is an interesting question to puzzle over. The security deposit which in effect was a borrowing for the house owner – can we call that money as debt for him?

Yes and No. ‘Yes’ because it’s not his money and he would have to return that money sometime in future and ‘No’ because he doesn’t have to pay any interest on this borrowing.

So it’s a debt but quite different from a traditional debt. Let’s see how.

When I moved out from his house, the money which he returned to me was replenished by the new tenant. So it was a revolving fund. Effectively he would never have to return that money to his tenant, provided he doesn’t run out of tenants, which is unlikely because his house was in busy locality in Bangalore.

The deposit was an income generating asset which costed the landlord nothing. He could very well be using that money for making other investments too, like buying stocks or making down payment for another house.

So this is a very interesting type of debt. It’s called Float.

The Idea of Safal Niveshak

I recently presented at Agile India 2016, a tech conference in Bangalore. Given my tech illiteracy, I wouldn’t have spoken there but for the invitation from a long time tribe member who wanted me to share my experience in building the Safal Niveshak tribe.

Click here to download my presentation slides PDF (2 MB file).

This presentation captures the entire idea of Safal Niveshak – what we stand for and what you, as a tribe member, should expect from us in the future.

At this point, here is something I would request you to share with me in case you have been a tribe member for some time – Has Safal Niveshak benefited you in your investment journey? If yes, how? If not, how could we make your experience better in the future?

Please share your thoughts – feedback / testimonial / suggestion – in the Comments section of this post. I would love to hear from you.

Poke the Box: News is to Mind what Sugar is to Body

Let’s Start with Safal Niveshak
Here are some useful posts from Safal Niveshak archive which you might want to read again…

When I took Warren Buffett’s advice very seriously and it’s wasn’t about investing.
When I met the legends of investing – Part 4.
How to find great businesses, the Peter Lynch Way.
Investing and the art of due diligence.

Latticework of Mental Models: Surfing

In spite of having a coastline of more than 7,500 km with warm oceans and favourable conditions, surfing is not a familiar sport to Indians. It seems we are more fascinated with the swing of a cricket ball than the twists and turns of water waves.

In many western countries including the US and Australia, surfing is a popular sport as well as a recreational activity. Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave, which is usually carrying the surfer towards the shore.

A surfer not only is carried by the wave, but it gives an exceptional forward speed to its rider, provided the surfer can get on to the wave at the right time and not get thrown off in between. The second most important thing required to ride a wave is to recognize that the a wave is approaching. Which means 90 percent of the times you would find a surfer lying on his surfing board and paddling slowly, waiting for the right wave.

So why are we talking about waves and surfers in a place reserved for discussing mental models?

13 Big Ideas from Mohnish Pabrai’s Mosaic – Perspectives on Investing

Note: This book review was originally published in the March 2015 edition of our premium newsletter Value Investing Almanack. To know more and subscribe, please click here.

I am sure the author of this book needs no introduction, but for the benefit of people who don’t know much about him, I am going to start with an interesting trivia.

How much would you pay to have lunch with Warren Buffett? How about Rs 4 crore?

Don’t be surprised because that’s the amount Mohnish Pabrai (along with his friend Guy Spier) paid to have a private lunch with Warren Buffett in 2006.

Mohnish manages US$ 850+ million US based fund called Pabrai Funds and is a hardcore Buffett disciple. He has written another popular book called The Dhandho Investor. However, the book I am talking about here is a rare one.